Indonesia is known for its diversity of ethnic groups, languages, cultures, and religions. Amid this diversity, individuals can take pride in their ethnic groups while simultaneously identifying themselves as part of the Indonesian nation. But how are ethnic and national identities formed, and under what circumstances does each identity become more prominent? These questions are the focus of a literature review conducted by a research team from the Center for Indigenous and Cultural Psychology (CICP), Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM).
The review examined 42 empirical studies involving Indonesian participants published between 2012 and 2026. The findings indicate that ethnic and national identities are shaped through three interconnected processes.
First, identities are formed through culture and symbols. Local languages, traditions, food, customs, and arts serve as markers of ethnic identity. Meanwhile, Pancasila, the Indonesian language, and national symbols represent national identity. Identity is reflected not only in an individual’s beliefs about their group but also through expressions and practices in everyday life.
Second, identity develops through a sense of belonging, pride, and collective self-esteem. Membership in a group can foster solidarity, trust, and cooperation. However, strong attachment to a group does not always lead to harmonious relationships. Under certain circumstances, group pride can develop into exclusivity and a tendency to prioritize one’s own group over others. Thus, identity is not merely about how strongly individuals identify with their group, but also how they interpret and give meaning to that identity.
Third, identity is shaped through interaction and negotiation between groups. Ethnic, national, and religious identities can generally coexist. Individuals do not have to abandon their ethnic identity to embrace a national identity as Indonesian citizens.
Dr. Acintya Ratna Priwati, S.Psi., M.A., Head of CICP, explained that identity is not fixed but can change and become more prominent depending on the social situations individuals encounter.
“Ethnic and national identities do not have to be seen as opposing one another. Individuals can take pride in their ethnic identity while simultaneously developing a sense of national belonging as Indonesian citizens. Both can coexist and complement each other in the lives of a diverse society,” Acintya explained.
The review also found that identities tend to become more prominent when individuals are engaged in intergroup interactions. In addition, economic conditions, history, policies, and political dynamics influence how individuals assert their identities. This demonstrates that identity is not merely a permanent attribute but something that can also be negotiated according to the social context.
In terms of methodology, most of the studies reviewed employed correlational quantitative and qualitative approaches. Therefore, the review recommends further experimental research and the development of measurement instruments capable of exploring identity while taking Indonesia’s unique social and cultural context into account.
These findings are relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions. Ethnic diversity does not necessarily hinder national unity; rather, it is a social reality that needs to be managed inclusively. Education, at both school and university levels, plays an important role in fostering an inclusive national identity without requiring individuals to relinquish their ethnic identities.
Authors: CICP Team
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